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The IMF presses for better governance through greater transparency.To this end, the IMF has called for ensuring transparency and accountability in pandemic-related spending, so that the money and measures help the people who need it most, using the adage, “ spend what you must, but keep the receipts.”The IMF presses for better governance through greater transparency, and has sought specific governance measures for countries receiving IMF financing during the crisis. All markets and Total YTD combined may not add due to rounding. 2021 Receipts of Producer Milk by Regulated Handlers - Monthly and Year-to-Date.Monthly Receipts, Outlays, and Deficit or Surplus, Fiscal Years 1981-2021:These files contain the monthly receipts/outlays and deficit/surplus of the United States published in Table 1 of the Monthly Treasury Statement, for fiscal years 1981-2021. The figures reflect backdated adjustments and may be amended (monthly) based on agency reporting. Monthl Receipts, Outlas, and Budget Deficit/Surplus of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Years 20 0B.
In some countries, capacity constraints contribute to limited progress. On publication of contract information, most of the commitments have or are in the process of being met, including, for example, in the Dominican Republic, Guinea, Nepal, and Ukraine. Longer-term governance and corruption vulnerabilities will continue to be addressed under the IMF’s broader 2018 Framework for Enhanced Fund Engagement on Governance, with a focus on multi-year IMF lending arrangements, annual health checks of IMF member countries, and capacity development.A year into the emergency response, information is becoming available on the progress in implementing these governance measures in pandemic-related spending. These emergency spending measures are not silver bullets and will only go so far in addressing deeper challenges. In addition, all recipient countries commit to undertake a Safeguards Assessment—a due diligence exercise that is aimed at ensuring that a country’s central bank is able to provide reliable information and transparently manage the funds that it receives from the IMF.Addressing corruption is a long game.
Where needed, the IMF is also stepping up its capacity development to help supreme audit institutions fulfill their responsibility, while also supporting efforts to ensure that such information is easily retrievable. Accordingly, it is too early to assess implementation—most audits are in preparation based on existing systems.However, some countries, such as Jamaica, Honduras, Maldives, and Sierra Leone have already taken early action by conducting risk-based, real-time audits. On audits of emergency spending, the deadline for conducting ex-post audits is typically set at 3-12 months after the end of the fiscal year. That is, beyond just pandemic-related spending. It requires bidding companies to provide the names of the people with effective control over a company, that is the “beneficial owners.” This information is provided to the procurement agency, which must publish it.Implementation of this innovative practice has proven challenging in some cases, with only half of the countries (including Benin, Ecuador, Jordan, Malawi, and Moldova) having implemented this commitment or made substantial progress toward it.However, such commitments made in the context of IMF financing during the pandemic have helped spur some countries, such as Kenya and the Kyrgyz Republic, to adopt this reform on a permanent basis. Collecting and publishing the beneficial ownership of contracting companies is a measure that aims to deter corruption, including by facilitating the detection of potential conflicts-of-interest involving public officials.
A key component is implementing the IMF’s 2018 Framework—which remains a priority for the IMF and goes beyond anti-corruption to address fiscal governance, financial sector oversight, central bank governance, market regulation, rule of law, and anti-money laundering frameworks. Some develop clear guidelines for emergency procurement, as in Spain, and/or detect conflicts-of-interest by analyzing beneficial ownership data and financial disclosures of senior public officials, as in Romania.Through the IMF’s regular “Article IV” health check of the economies of its members, and through regular policy dialogue, IMF staff continue to discuss transparency and accountability in pandemic-related spending, such as in Poland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and, more generally, in fiscal, monetary, and financial sector measures.Sustained country engagement on governance and anti-corruption will be necessary to support effective implementation of reforms undertaken during the pandemic and beyond. Others, such as South Korea, conduct frequent external audits to verify pandemic-related spending. For example, some countries publish comprehensive spending information on dedicated transparency portals as in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, France, and Peru. Safeguard assessments are being undertaken rapidly, with the pace of these assessments doubling after the pandemic’s onset.Beyond these measures focused on accountability and transparency in the crisis response, broader governance and anti-corruption reforms are also progressing in the context of multi-year IMF financing arrangements.Such reforms cover multiple areas, including fiscal governance in countries such as Ecuador, The Gambia, Jordan, Liberia, Rwanda, and Senegal anti-corruption and anti-money laundering frameworks in Angola, Armenia, Republic of Congo, Kenya, and Tunisia and financial sector oversight and central bank governance in Liberia and Ukraine, among others.Transparency and accountability in the crisis response are important for all countries, regardless of their income level, and such measures are of course commonplace in many countries beyond those receiving IMF financing.These efforts vary.
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